<!-- K: shelter, clothing, insulate, warm, heat, sleep -->
<!-- S: Layer clothing and உருவாக்கு a shelter. -->

This பாடங்கள் மறையம் how பெறுநர் dress appropriately க்கு the சூழல் and உருவாக்கு shelters பெறுநர் protect yourself இருந்து the elements.

## Be prepared
<!-- K: prepare, gear, knowledge, skill, emergency-space-blanket, space-blanket, blanket, poncho, socks, boots, shoes, sunglasses, cordage, sewing, needle, thread, jacket, pants, hat, gloves, hand-warmer, bag, pad, tent, tarp, hat, bandana, pillow, gloves, net, gaiters, hammock, tape -->
<!-- S: Bring an emergency இடைவெளி blanket, cordage, and proper clothing. Be sure பெறுநர் plan க்கு nighttime temperatures and bad weather. Learn how பெறுநர் dress in layers and increase insulation. -->

### Gear

**Necessities**:
- Emergency இடைவெளி blanket
- Poncho
- Change of clothing
- Extra socks
- Boots or sturdy shoes
- Sunglasses
- Cordage (paracord)
- Sewing kit (needle and thread)
- In colder climates:
  - Insulating layers (jacket, pants, hat, gloves)
  - Waterproof outer layer
  - Waterproof/insulated boots
  - Thermal underlayers
  - Hand warmers
- க்கு overnight stays:
  - Sleeping bag
  - Sleeping pad
  - Tent
  - Tarp

**Optional**:
- Additional changes of clothing
- Hat or bandana
- Pillow
- Gloves
- பிழை net
- Gaiters
- Hammock
- நாளம் tape

### Knowledge and skills

Start by learning how பெறுநர் do the following:
- Choose clothing appropriate க்கு your environment.
- Use an emergency இடைவெளி blanket.
- Get warm quickly.
- Layer clothing க்கு warmth.
- கணம் மேலே a tent and sleeping bag.
- Identify environmental hazards when selecting a shelter location.
- Tie several வகைகள் of knots.

Once you have mastered these skills, you should learn how பெறுநர் do the following:
- Construct a natural shelter.
- Repair clothing.

## Clothing
<!-- K: wear, dress, wool, polyester, nylon, down, cotton, layer, material, garment, socks, pants, shirt, jacket, fleece, vest, underwear, undergarments, windbreaker, rain, hat, sunglasses, glasses, scarf, bandana, footwear, shoes, boots -->
<!-- S: Dress in layers and choose clothing made இருந்து wool, polyester, or nylon. Only wear shoes that you have worn in. -->

Your first வரி of defense in any சூழல் is your clothing. Proper attire should keep you dry, regulate your body temperature, protect you இருந்து the sun, and prevent insect bites.

### Materials
When choosing clothing, consider the following materials:
- Wool: Retains warmth இரட்டை when wet.
- Polyester/nylon: Quick drying and moisture-wicking.
- Down: Lightweight and insulating but loses warmth when wet.
- Cotton: Retains moisture and loses warmth when wet. Do not wear cotton in cold or wet environments.

### Layers
You should plan பெறுநர் wear multiple layers of clothing பெறுநர் protect against the elements. பதியம் போடுதல் allows you பெறுநர் adjust your clothing பெறுநர் changing conditions and maintain body temperature.

In cold environments, அகற்று or கூட்டு layers பெறுநர் prevent sweating while staying warm.

In warm environments, you சி-வைகாசி only need பெறுநர் wear a காரம் layer. But you should எப்போதும் pack rain gear, such அச் an emergency poncho, in case of sudden weather changes.

If you need extra insulation in a pinch, stuff your clothing with dry leaves, grass, or மற்றொன்று insulating materials.

- **Base layer**: Wicks moisture away இருந்து the skin. This layer should be tight-fitting.
  - Undergarments
  - Socks
  - Pants
  - Shirt
- **Middle layer**: Insulates and retains heat. This layer should be loose-fitting.
  - Sweater
  - Fleece jacket
  - மின்காப்பிடப்பட்ட(து) pants
  - Vest
- **Outer layer**: Protects against wind, rain, and snow. This layer should be loose-fitting.
  - Rain gear
  - Windbreaker
- **Accessories**: Protect against sun, wind, cold, and insects.
  - Hat
  - Sunglasses
  - Gloves
  - Scarf or bandana

### Footwear
Be sure பெறுநர் choose footwear that is appropriate க்கு your environment. In cold climates, wear insulated, waterproof boots. In hot climates, wear breathable, lightweight shoes. எப்போதும் இடைவேளை in புதிய footwear before a trip பெறுநர் avoid blisters.

If you plan பெறுநர் be hiking in wet conditions, consider wearing waterproof boots.

Bring extra socks, preferably made இருந்து wool, and ensure they அரே taller than your boots பெறுநர் avoid blisters.

## Shelters
<!-- K: build, location, lean-to, a-frame, cave, emergency-space-blanket, space-blanket, blanket, tent, hammock, ground, wall, sleep, bag, pad, காற்றுப்பாய்வு -->
<!-- S: Construct a shelter using natural materials or a tarp. Insulate the shelter with leaves, straw, or clothing. -->

### Choosing a shelter location

When selecting a site க்கு your shelter, consider the following:
- Proximity பெறுநர் building materials.
- Proximity பெறுநர் water and food sources.
- Protection இருந்து the elements.
- Free of dead trees and branches that could fall.
- Free of threat இருந்து avalanches, rock slides, or flooding.
- Free of insects, poisonous plants, or dangerous animals.
- Suitable க்கு signaling க்கு உதவி if needed.

### Gathering materials
Prefer மரம் and debris that அரே already on the ground and require minimal effort பெறுநர் use. Avoid logs that அரே too thick பெறுநர் இடைவேளை by hand.

### Shelter types

You can construct பல்வேறு shelters using tarps, ponchos, or natural elements. Here அரே some common types:

**Lean-to**

A simple shelter made by leaning a large sheet of material against a support like a tree or a ridgepole. It protects இருந்து wind and rain.

1. Lash a ridgepole பெறுநர் two trees or supports. If you அரே using a tarp or poncho, this can be a cord.
2. Lay a tarp or poncho வீச்சலகு the ridgepole, allowing one பக்கம் பெறுநர் touch the ground. If using natural materials, lay branches and leaves வீச்சலகு the ridgepole.
3. Secure the sides with stakes or rocks.

![](file:///android_asset/survival_guide/shelter_tarp.webp)

If you're constructing a ridge வரி with cordage, form a bowline at one end, wrap the cordage around a tree, and கணவாய் the free end through the bowline's loop. Secure the மற்றொன்று end பெறுநர் a second tree using either a taut-line hitch or a trucker's hitch, then tighten it. பெறுநர் attach a tarp, pull a small பிரிவு of the ridge வரி through the grommets and செருகவும் a stick through the resulting loop பெறுநர் hold it in place.

**A-frame**

A more enclosed shelter that provides better protection இருந்து the elements.

1. Lash two sticks together into an A shape.
2. Place the ridgepole across the மேலே of the A.
3. Lay a tarp or poncho வீச்சலகு the ridgepole, securing the sides with stakes or rocks. If using natural materials, lay branches and leaves வீச்சலகு the ridgepole.

![](file:///android_asset/survival_guide/shelter_debris_hut.webp)

**Caves**

Natural shelters that offer protection இருந்து the elements. Use caution when entering caves; they can be வீடு பெறுநர் animals or have poor ventilation. Avoid lighting a fire if possible since smoke can accumulate.

**Emergency இடைவெளி blankets**

Wrap yourself in an emergency இடைவெளி blanket பெறுநர் reflect body heat and protect against the elements. You can also use it பெறுநர் create a shelter by tying it between two trees or supports.

**Tents**

If you have a tent, கணம் it மேலே according பெறுநர் the manufacturer's instructions. Ensure the tent is staked securely and the rainfly is in place. பெரும்பாலானவை tents can be கணம் மேலே by inserting poles into sleeves or clips and securing the tent பெறுநர் the ground with stakes.

**Hammocks**

If you have a hammock, கணம் it மேலே between two trees or supports. Ensure the hammock is secure and the rainfly is in place. Be sure the trees or supports அரே strong enough பெறுநர் hold your weight.

### Insulation

You can place insulating materials like leaves, straw, or clothing between you and the shelter walls பெறுநர் retain body heat. This barrier prevents heat loss and keeps you warm. If you have a sleeping bag or extra clothing, use them.

Use materials like leaves, straw, or clothing பெறுநர் insulate yourself இருந்து the ground. These materials create a barrier between you and the cold ground, preventing heat loss. If you have a sleeping pad, place it under your sleeping bag க்கு additional insulation.

### Tips

- Use materials like leaves, straw, or clothing பெறுநர் insulate the ground and walls of your shelter.
- Keep the shelter compact பெறுநர் retain heat but large enough பெறுநர் lie comfortably.
- Position the shelter பெறுநர் protect against prevailing winds and பெறுநர் maximize the warming effects of the sun.
- Fill gaps in the shelter with leaves, grass, mud, or மற்றொன்று insulating materials.
- Ensure adequate காற்றுப்பாய்வு பெறுநர் manage condensation and smoke.

## Repair
<!-- K: repair, sewing, stitch, back-stitch, running-stitch, whip-stitch, duct-tape, tape, pin, safety-pin, glue, cordage -->
<!-- S: Use a sewing kit, நாளம் tape, safety pins, glue, or cordage பெறுநர் repair tears or holes in clothing or gear. -->

### Sewing

**Back stitch**

Used க்கு seams that require strength, such அச் on backpacks or tents.

![](file:///android_asset/survival_guide/back_stitch.webp)

**Running stitch**

Used க்கு quick repairs on clothing or பற்சக்கரம் in places where strength is not critical.

![](file:///android_asset/survival_guide/running_stitch.webp)
[Image source](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Running_stitch.gif)

**Whip stitch**

Used பெறுநர் repair tears or holes in fabric. It can also be used பெறுநர் இணை two pieces of fabric.

![](file:///android_asset/survival_guide/whip_stitch.webp)
[Image source](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Whip_stitch.jpg)

### Tarps

If your tarp's grommet breaks, you can still attach it பெறுநர் a rope by creating a button. A button is formed by wrapping a small rock in the tarp and securing your cordage around that using a clove hitch or நெரிசல் knot.

If your tarp has a hole, you can repair it using நாளம் tape or by sewing it shut.

### மற்றொன்று methods
If you do not have a sewing kit, you can use நாளம் tape, safety pins, super glue, or cordage அச் temporary fixes.

## Knots
<!-- K: knot, tie, cordage, cord, rope, paracord, overhand, square, bowline, sheet-bend, bight, hitch, lash -->
<!-- S: Learn several knots பெறுநர் make the பெரும்பாலானவை of your cordage. -->

### Overhand knot
Used பெறுநர் prevent the end of a rope இருந்து untwisting. This is hard பெறுநர் செயல்தவிர் but very easy பெறுநர் tie.

![](file:///android_asset/survival_guide/knot_overhand.webp)

### இரட்டை sheet bend
Used க்கு tying two வரிகள் together.

![](file:///android_asset/survival_guide/knot_double_sheet_bend.webp)

### Bowline
Used பெறுநர் create a loop at the end of a line. You can கணவாய் a வரி around a tree and through the bowline loop பெறுநர் secure the end of a வரி பெறுநர் the tree.

You can use a bowline பெறுநர் attach a வரி பெறுநர் a grommet on a tarp.

![](file:///android_asset/survival_guide/knot_bowline.webp)

### நெரிசல் Knot
Used பெறுநர் fasten a rope பெறுநர் a timber or pole. This can be used in place of lashings. It can be loosened by pulling on the knot on the end. It is hard பெறுநர் untie this knot.

![](file:///android_asset/survival_guide/jam_knot.webp)

### Clove hitch
Used பெறுநர் fasten a rope பெறுநர் a timber or pole. It can be tied at any புள்ளியம் in a rope.

![](file:///android_asset/survival_guide/knot_clove_hitch.webp)

### Trucker's hitch
Used பெறுநர் secure a load or tighten a line.

![](file:///android_asset/survival_guide/knot_truckers_hitch.webp)

### Square lashing
Used பெறுநர் secure one முனைமம் at a வலது angle பெறுநர் another pole. You can swap with the மூலைவிட்டம் lashing if desired.

![](file:///android_asset/survival_guide/136.webp)

### கொய்வு lashing
Used க்கு lashing two or more poles அடுத்தது பெறுநர் each other. It can be used பெறுநர் construct a tripod.

![](file:///android_asset/survival_guide/knot_shear_lashing.webp)

## Craft: Cordage
<!-- K: cordage, rope, twine, fiber, twist, cord, strand, paracord, craft -->
<!-- S: You can make cordage இருந்து grasses and sedges. -->

Cordage can be made by twisting fibers together. It is weaker than rope but can be used க்கு sewing, fishing line, or light-duty cordage.

**Resources**

Any fibrous material can be used பெறுநர் make cordage. Some examples include:
- Grasses and sedges (sedges அரே stronger)
- Bark or palm fiber

**Instructions**
1. Gather the fibers into a loose bundle.
2. Hold the bundle near the center and twist one பக்கம் clockwise until a kink forms.
3. Fold the bundle in half at the kink.
4. Twist the மேலே half clockwise.
5. Twist the two halves together counterclockwise.
6. Repeat the process until you have a full strand. If a material is running out, கூட்டு more material and twist it in.

![](file:///android_asset/survival_guide/craft_cordage.webp)

## Craft: Tent stakes
<!-- K: tent, stake, peg, craft -->
<!-- S: You can make tent stakes இருந்து sticks. -->

**Resources**

- A குறுக்கு stick
- A knife
- Something பெறுநர் use அச் a hammer, such அச் a rock or thick stick

**Instructions**

1. Sharpen one end of a stake பெறுநர் a point.
2. Hammer the stake into the ground at a slight angle, leaning away இருந்து your shelter.
3. Secure a வரி பெறுநர் your tent or tarp with a bowline.
4. Secure the மற்றொன்று end of the வரி பெறுநர் the stake with a நெரிசல் knot, clove hitch, or taut-line hitch.
