- java.lang.Object
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- java.lang.Number
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- java.math.BigDecimal
 
 
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- All Implemented Interfaces:
- Serializable,- Comparable<BigDecimal>
 
 public class BigDecimal extends Number implements Comparable<BigDecimal> Immutable, arbitrary-precision signed decimal numbers. ABigDecimalconsists of an arbitrary precision integer unscaled value and a 32-bit integer scale. If zero or positive, the scale is the number of digits to the right of the decimal point. If negative, the unscaled value of the number is multiplied by ten to the power of the negation of the scale. The value of the number represented by theBigDecimalis therefore(unscaledValue × 10-scale).The BigDecimalclass provides operations for arithmetic, scale manipulation, rounding, comparison, hashing, and format conversion. ThetoString()method provides a canonical representation of aBigDecimal.The BigDecimalclass gives its user complete control over rounding behavior. If no rounding mode is specified and the exact result cannot be represented, an exception is thrown; otherwise, calculations can be carried out to a chosen precision and rounding mode by supplying an appropriateMathContextobject to the operation. In either case, eight rounding modes are provided for the control of rounding. Using the integer fields in this class (such asROUND_HALF_UP) to represent rounding mode is deprecated; the enumeration values of theRoundingModeenum, (such asRoundingMode.HALF_UP) should be used instead.When a MathContextobject is supplied with a precision setting of 0 (for example,MathContext.UNLIMITED), arithmetic operations are exact, as are the arithmetic methods which take noMathContextobject. (This is the only behavior that was supported in releases prior to 5.) As a corollary of computing the exact result, the rounding mode setting of aMathContextobject with a precision setting of 0 is not used and thus irrelevant. In the case of divide, the exact quotient could have an infinitely long decimal expansion; for example, 1 divided by 3. If the quotient has a nonterminating decimal expansion and the operation is specified to return an exact result, anArithmeticExceptionis thrown. Otherwise, the exact result of the division is returned, as done for other operations.When the precision setting is not 0, the rules of BigDecimalarithmetic are broadly compatible with selected modes of operation of the arithmetic defined in ANSI X3.274-1996 and ANSI X3.274-1996/AM 1-2000 (section 7.4). Unlike those standards,BigDecimalincludes many rounding modes, which were mandatory for division inBigDecimalreleases prior to 5. Any conflicts between these ANSI standards and theBigDecimalspecification are resolved in favor ofBigDecimal.Since the same numerical value can have different representations (with different scales), the rules of arithmetic and rounding must specify both the numerical result and the scale used in the result's representation. In general the rounding modes and precision setting determine how operations return results with a limited number of digits when the exact result has more digits (perhaps infinitely many in the case of division and square root) than the number of digits returned. First, the total number of digits to return is specified by the MathContext'sprecisionsetting; this determines the result's precision. The digit count starts from the leftmost nonzero digit of the exact result. The rounding mode determines how any discarded trailing digits affect the returned result.For all arithmetic operators , the operation is carried out as though an exact intermediate result were first calculated and then rounded to the number of digits specified by the precision setting (if necessary), using the selected rounding mode. If the exact result is not returned, some digit positions of the exact result are discarded. When rounding increases the magnitude of the returned result, it is possible for a new digit position to be created by a carry propagating to a leading "9" digit. For example, rounding the value 999.9 to three digits rounding up would be numerically equal to one thousand, represented as 100×101. In such cases, the new "1" is the leading digit position of the returned result. Besides a logical exact result, each arithmetic operation has a preferred scale for representing a result. The preferred scale for each operation is listed in the table below. 
 These scales are the ones used by the methods which return exact arithmetic results; except that an exact divide may have to use a larger scale since the exact result may have more digits. For example,Preferred Scales for Results of Arithmetic Operations Operation Preferred Scale of Result Add max(addend.scale(), augend.scale()) Subtract max(minuend.scale(), subtrahend.scale()) Multiply multiplier.scale() + multiplicand.scale() Divide dividend.scale() - divisor.scale() Square root radicand.scale()/2 1/32is0.03125.Before rounding, the scale of the logical exact intermediate result is the preferred scale for that operation. If the exact numerical result cannot be represented in precisiondigits, rounding selects the set of digits to return and the scale of the result is reduced from the scale of the intermediate result to the least scale which can represent theprecisiondigits actually returned. If the exact result can be represented with at mostprecisiondigits, the representation of the result with the scale closest to the preferred scale is returned. In particular, an exactly representable quotient may be represented in fewer thanprecisiondigits by removing trailing zeros and decreasing the scale. For example, rounding to three digits using the floor rounding mode,
 19/100 = 0.19 // integer=19, scale=2
 but
 21/110 = 0.190 // integer=190, scale=3
 Note that for add, subtract, and multiply, the reduction in scale will equal the number of digit positions of the exact result which are discarded. If the rounding causes a carry propagation to create a new high-order digit position, an additional digit of the result is discarded than when no new digit position is created. Other methods may have slightly different rounding semantics. For example, the result of the powmethod using the specified algorithm can occasionally differ from the rounded mathematical result by more than one unit in the last place, one ulp.Two types of operations are provided for manipulating the scale of a BigDecimal: scaling/rounding operations and decimal point motion operations. Scaling/rounding operations (setScaleandround) return aBigDecimalwhose value is approximately (or exactly) equal to that of the operand, but whose scale or precision is the specified value; that is, they increase or decrease the precision of the stored number with minimal effect on its value. Decimal point motion operations (movePointLeftandmovePointRight) return aBigDecimalcreated from the operand by moving the decimal point a specified distance in the specified direction.For the sake of brevity and clarity, pseudo-code is used throughout the descriptions of BigDecimalmethods. The pseudo-code expression(i + j)is shorthand for "aBigDecimalwhose value is that of theBigDecimaliadded to that of theBigDecimalj." The pseudo-code expression(i == j)is shorthand for "trueif and only if theBigDecimalirepresents the same value as theBigDecimalj." Other pseudo-code expressions are interpreted similarly. Square brackets are used to represent the particularBigIntegerand scale pair defining aBigDecimalvalue; for example [19, 2] is theBigDecimalnumerically equal to 0.19 having a scale of 2.All methods and constructors for this class throw NullPointerExceptionwhen passed anullobject reference for any input parameter.- API Note:
- Care should be exercised if BigDecimalobjects are used as keys in aSortedMapor elements in aSortedSetsinceBigDecimal's natural ordering is inconsistent with equals. SeeComparable,SortedMaporSortedSetfor more information.
- Since:
- 1.1
- See Also:
- BigInteger,- MathContext,- RoundingMode,- SortedMap,- SortedSet, Serialized Form
 
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Field SummaryFields Modifier and Type Field Description static BigDecimalONEThe value 1, with a scale of 0.static intROUND_CEILINGDeprecated.UseRoundingMode.CEILINGinstead.static intROUND_DOWNDeprecated.UseRoundingMode.DOWNinstead.static intROUND_FLOORDeprecated.UseRoundingMode.FLOORinstead.static intROUND_HALF_DOWNDeprecated.UseRoundingMode.HALF_DOWNinstead.static intROUND_HALF_EVENDeprecated.UseRoundingMode.HALF_EVENinstead.static intROUND_HALF_UPDeprecated.UseRoundingMode.HALF_UPinstead.static intROUND_UNNECESSARYDeprecated.UseRoundingMode.UNNECESSARYinstead.static intROUND_UPDeprecated.UseRoundingMode.UPinstead.static BigDecimalTENThe value 10, with a scale of 0.static BigDecimalZEROThe value 0, with a scale of 0.
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Constructor SummaryConstructors Constructor Description BigDecimal(char[] in)Translates a character array representation of aBigDecimalinto aBigDecimal, accepting the same sequence of characters as theBigDecimal(String)constructor.BigDecimal(char[] in, int offset, int len)Translates a character array representation of aBigDecimalinto aBigDecimal, accepting the same sequence of characters as theBigDecimal(String)constructor, while allowing a sub-array to be specified.BigDecimal(char[] in, int offset, int len, MathContext mc)Translates a character array representation of aBigDecimalinto aBigDecimal, accepting the same sequence of characters as theBigDecimal(String)constructor, while allowing a sub-array to be specified and with rounding according to the context settings.BigDecimal(char[] in, MathContext mc)Translates a character array representation of aBigDecimalinto aBigDecimal, accepting the same sequence of characters as theBigDecimal(String)constructor and with rounding according to the context settings.BigDecimal(double val)Translates adoubleinto aBigDecimalwhich is the exact decimal representation of thedouble's binary floating-point value.BigDecimal(double val, MathContext mc)Translates adoubleinto aBigDecimal, with rounding according to the context settings.BigDecimal(int val)Translates anintinto aBigDecimal.BigDecimal(int val, MathContext mc)Translates anintinto aBigDecimal, with rounding according to the context settings.BigDecimal(long val)Translates alonginto aBigDecimal.BigDecimal(long val, MathContext mc)Translates alonginto aBigDecimal, with rounding according to the context settings.BigDecimal(String val)Translates the string representation of aBigDecimalinto aBigDecimal.BigDecimal(String val, MathContext mc)Translates the string representation of aBigDecimalinto aBigDecimal, accepting the same strings as theBigDecimal(String)constructor, with rounding according to the context settings.BigDecimal(BigInteger val)Translates aBigIntegerinto aBigDecimal.BigDecimal(BigInteger unscaledVal, int scale)Translates aBigIntegerunscaled value and anintscale into aBigDecimal.BigDecimal(BigInteger unscaledVal, int scale, MathContext mc)Translates aBigIntegerunscaled value and anintscale into aBigDecimal, with rounding according to the context settings.BigDecimal(BigInteger val, MathContext mc)Translates aBigIntegerinto aBigDecimalrounding according to the context settings.
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Method SummaryAll Methods Static Methods Instance Methods Concrete Methods Deprecated Methods Modifier and Type Method Description BigDecimalabs()Returns aBigDecimalwhose value is the absolute value of thisBigDecimal, and whose scale isthis.scale().BigDecimalabs(MathContext mc)Returns aBigDecimalwhose value is the absolute value of thisBigDecimal, with rounding according to the context settings.BigDecimaladd(BigDecimal augend)Returns aBigDecimalwhose value is(this + augend), and whose scale ismax(this.scale(), augend.scale()).BigDecimaladd(BigDecimal augend, MathContext mc)Returns aBigDecimalwhose value is(this + augend), with rounding according to the context settings.bytebyteValueExact()Converts thisBigDecimalto abyte, checking for lost information.intcompareTo(BigDecimal val)Compares thisBigDecimalwith the specifiedBigDecimal.BigDecimaldivide(BigDecimal divisor)Returns aBigDecimalwhose value is(this / divisor), and whose preferred scale is(this.scale() - divisor.scale()); if the exact quotient cannot be represented (because it has a non-terminating decimal expansion) anArithmeticExceptionis thrown.BigDecimaldivide(BigDecimal divisor, int roundingMode)Deprecated.The methoddivide(BigDecimal, RoundingMode)should be used in preference to this legacy method.BigDecimaldivide(BigDecimal divisor, int scale, int roundingMode)Deprecated.The methoddivide(BigDecimal, int, RoundingMode)should be used in preference to this legacy method.BigDecimaldivide(BigDecimal divisor, int scale, RoundingMode roundingMode)Returns aBigDecimalwhose value is(this / divisor), and whose scale is as specified.BigDecimaldivide(BigDecimal divisor, MathContext mc)Returns aBigDecimalwhose value is(this / divisor), with rounding according to the context settings.BigDecimaldivide(BigDecimal divisor, RoundingMode roundingMode)Returns aBigDecimalwhose value is(this / divisor), and whose scale isthis.scale().BigDecimal[]divideAndRemainder(BigDecimal divisor)Returns a two-elementBigDecimalarray containing the result ofdivideToIntegralValuefollowed by the result ofremainderon the two operands.BigDecimal[]divideAndRemainder(BigDecimal divisor, MathContext mc)Returns a two-elementBigDecimalarray containing the result ofdivideToIntegralValuefollowed by the result ofremainderon the two operands calculated with rounding according to the context settings.BigDecimaldivideToIntegralValue(BigDecimal divisor)Returns aBigDecimalwhose value is the integer part of the quotient(this / divisor)rounded down.BigDecimaldivideToIntegralValue(BigDecimal divisor, MathContext mc)Returns aBigDecimalwhose value is the integer part of(this / divisor).doubledoubleValue()Converts thisBigDecimalto adouble.booleanequals(Object x)Compares thisBigDecimalwith the specifiedObjectfor equality.floatfloatValue()Converts thisBigDecimalto afloat.inthashCode()Returns the hash code for thisBigDecimal.intintValue()Converts thisBigDecimalto anint.intintValueExact()Converts thisBigDecimalto anint, checking for lost information.longlongValue()Converts thisBigDecimalto along.longlongValueExact()Converts thisBigDecimalto along, checking for lost information.BigDecimalmax(BigDecimal val)Returns the maximum of thisBigDecimalandval.BigDecimalmin(BigDecimal val)Returns the minimum of thisBigDecimalandval.BigDecimalmovePointLeft(int n)Returns aBigDecimalwhich is equivalent to this one with the decimal point movednplaces to the left.BigDecimalmovePointRight(int n)Returns aBigDecimalwhich is equivalent to this one with the decimal point movednplaces to the right.BigDecimalmultiply(BigDecimal multiplicand)Returns aBigDecimalwhose value is(this × multiplicand), and whose scale is(this.scale() + multiplicand.scale()).BigDecimalmultiply(BigDecimal multiplicand, MathContext mc)Returns aBigDecimalwhose value is(this × multiplicand), with rounding according to the context settings.BigDecimalnegate()Returns aBigDecimalwhose value is(-this), and whose scale isthis.scale().BigDecimalnegate(MathContext mc)Returns aBigDecimalwhose value is(-this), with rounding according to the context settings.BigDecimalplus()Returns aBigDecimalwhose value is(+this), and whose scale isthis.scale().BigDecimalplus(MathContext mc)Returns aBigDecimalwhose value is(+this), with rounding according to the context settings.BigDecimalpow(int n)Returns aBigDecimalwhose value is(thisn), The power is computed exactly, to unlimited precision.BigDecimalpow(int n, MathContext mc)Returns aBigDecimalwhose value is(thisn).intprecision()Returns the precision of thisBigDecimal.BigDecimalremainder(BigDecimal divisor)Returns aBigDecimalwhose value is(this % divisor).BigDecimalremainder(BigDecimal divisor, MathContext mc)Returns aBigDecimalwhose value is(this % divisor), with rounding according to the context settings.BigDecimalround(MathContext mc)Returns aBigDecimalrounded according to theMathContextsettings.intscale()Returns the scale of thisBigDecimal.BigDecimalscaleByPowerOfTen(int n)Returns a BigDecimal whose numerical value is equal to (this* 10n).BigDecimalsetScale(int newScale)Returns aBigDecimalwhose scale is the specified value, and whose value is numerically equal to thisBigDecimal's.BigDecimalsetScale(int newScale, int roundingMode)Deprecated.The methodsetScale(int, RoundingMode)should be used in preference to this legacy method.BigDecimalsetScale(int newScale, RoundingMode roundingMode)Returns aBigDecimalwhose scale is the specified value, and whose unscaled value is determined by multiplying or dividing thisBigDecimal's unscaled value by the appropriate power of ten to maintain its overall value.shortshortValueExact()Converts thisBigDecimalto ashort, checking for lost information.intsignum()Returns the signum function of thisBigDecimal.BigDecimalsqrt(MathContext mc)Returns an approximation to the square root ofthiswith rounding according to the context settings.BigDecimalstripTrailingZeros()Returns aBigDecimalwhich is numerically equal to this one but with any trailing zeros removed from the representation.BigDecimalsubtract(BigDecimal subtrahend)Returns aBigDecimalwhose value is(this - subtrahend), and whose scale ismax(this.scale(), subtrahend.scale()).BigDecimalsubtract(BigDecimal subtrahend, MathContext mc)Returns aBigDecimalwhose value is(this - subtrahend), with rounding according to the context settings.BigIntegertoBigInteger()Converts thisBigDecimalto aBigInteger.BigIntegertoBigIntegerExact()Converts thisBigDecimalto aBigInteger, checking for lost information.StringtoEngineeringString()Returns a string representation of thisBigDecimal, using engineering notation if an exponent is needed.StringtoPlainString()Returns a string representation of thisBigDecimalwithout an exponent field.StringtoString()Returns the string representation of thisBigDecimal, using scientific notation if an exponent is needed.BigDecimalulp()Returns the size of an ulp, a unit in the last place, of thisBigDecimal.BigIntegerunscaledValue()Returns aBigIntegerwhose value is the unscaled value of thisBigDecimal.static BigDecimalvalueOf(double val)Translates adoubleinto aBigDecimal, using thedouble's canonical string representation provided by theDouble.toString(double)method.static BigDecimalvalueOf(long val)Translates alongvalue into aBigDecimalwith a scale of zero.static BigDecimalvalueOf(long unscaledVal, int scale)Translates alongunscaled value and anintscale into aBigDecimal.- 
Methods declared in class java.lang.NumberbyteValue, shortValue
 
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Field Detail- 
ZEROpublic static final BigDecimal ZERO The value 0, with a scale of 0.- Since:
- 1.5
 
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ONEpublic static final BigDecimal ONE The value 1, with a scale of 0.- Since:
- 1.5
 
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TENpublic static final BigDecimal TEN The value 10, with a scale of 0.- Since:
- 1.5
 
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ROUND_UP@Deprecated(since="9") public static final int ROUND_UP Deprecated.UseRoundingMode.UPinstead.Rounding mode to round away from zero. Always increments the digit prior to a nonzero discarded fraction. Note that this rounding mode never decreases the magnitude of the calculated value.- See Also:
- Constant Field Values
 
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ROUND_DOWN@Deprecated(since="9") public static final int ROUND_DOWN Deprecated.UseRoundingMode.DOWNinstead.Rounding mode to round towards zero. Never increments the digit prior to a discarded fraction (i.e., truncates). Note that this rounding mode never increases the magnitude of the calculated value.- See Also:
- Constant Field Values
 
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ROUND_CEILING@Deprecated(since="9") public static final int ROUND_CEILING Deprecated.UseRoundingMode.CEILINGinstead.Rounding mode to round towards positive infinity. If theBigDecimalis positive, behaves as forROUND_UP; if negative, behaves as forROUND_DOWN. Note that this rounding mode never decreases the calculated value.- See Also:
- Constant Field Values
 
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ROUND_FLOOR@Deprecated(since="9") public static final int ROUND_FLOOR Deprecated.UseRoundingMode.FLOORinstead.Rounding mode to round towards negative infinity. If theBigDecimalis positive, behave as forROUND_DOWN; if negative, behave as forROUND_UP. Note that this rounding mode never increases the calculated value.- See Also:
- Constant Field Values
 
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ROUND_HALF_UP@Deprecated(since="9") public static final int ROUND_HALF_UP Deprecated.UseRoundingMode.HALF_UPinstead.Rounding mode to round towards "nearest neighbor" unless both neighbors are equidistant, in which case round up. Behaves as forROUND_UPif the discarded fraction is ≥ 0.5; otherwise, behaves as forROUND_DOWN. Note that this is the rounding mode that most of us were taught in grade school.- See Also:
- Constant Field Values
 
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ROUND_HALF_DOWN@Deprecated(since="9") public static final int ROUND_HALF_DOWN Deprecated.UseRoundingMode.HALF_DOWNinstead.Rounding mode to round towards "nearest neighbor" unless both neighbors are equidistant, in which case round down. Behaves as forROUND_UPif the discarded fraction is > 0.5; otherwise, behaves as forROUND_DOWN.- See Also:
- Constant Field Values
 
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ROUND_HALF_EVEN@Deprecated(since="9") public static final int ROUND_HALF_EVEN Deprecated.UseRoundingMode.HALF_EVENinstead.Rounding mode to round towards the "nearest neighbor" unless both neighbors are equidistant, in which case, round towards the even neighbor. Behaves as forROUND_HALF_UPif the digit to the left of the discarded fraction is odd; behaves as forROUND_HALF_DOWNif it's even. Note that this is the rounding mode that minimizes cumulative error when applied repeatedly over a sequence of calculations.- See Also:
- Constant Field Values
 
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ROUND_UNNECESSARY@Deprecated(since="9") public static final int ROUND_UNNECESSARY Deprecated.UseRoundingMode.UNNECESSARYinstead.Rounding mode to assert that the requested operation has an exact result, hence no rounding is necessary. If this rounding mode is specified on an operation that yields an inexact result, anArithmeticExceptionis thrown.- See Also:
- Constant Field Values
 
 
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Constructor Detail- 
BigDecimalpublic BigDecimal(char[] in, int offset, int len)Translates a character array representation of aBigDecimalinto aBigDecimal, accepting the same sequence of characters as theBigDecimal(String)constructor, while allowing a sub-array to be specified.- Implementation Note:
- If the sequence of characters is already available
 within a character array, using this constructor is faster than
 converting the chararray to string and using theBigDecimal(String)constructor.
- Parameters:
- in-- chararray that is the source of characters.
- offset- first character in the array to inspect.
- len- number of characters to consider.
- Throws:
- NumberFormatException- if- inis not a valid representation of a- BigDecimalor the defined subarray is not wholly within- in.
- Since:
- 1.5
 
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BigDecimalpublic BigDecimal(char[] in, int offset, int len, MathContext mc)Translates a character array representation of aBigDecimalinto aBigDecimal, accepting the same sequence of characters as theBigDecimal(String)constructor, while allowing a sub-array to be specified and with rounding according to the context settings.- Implementation Note:
- If the sequence of characters is already available
 within a character array, using this constructor is faster than
 converting the chararray to string and using theBigDecimal(String)constructor.
- Parameters:
- in-- chararray that is the source of characters.
- offset- first character in the array to inspect.
- len- number of characters to consider.
- mc- the context to use.
- Throws:
- ArithmeticException- if the result is inexact but the rounding mode is- UNNECESSARY.
- NumberFormatException- if- inis not a valid representation of a- BigDecimalor the defined subarray is not wholly within- in.
- Since:
- 1.5
 
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BigDecimalpublic BigDecimal(char[] in) Translates a character array representation of aBigDecimalinto aBigDecimal, accepting the same sequence of characters as theBigDecimal(String)constructor.- Implementation Note:
- If the sequence of characters is already available
 as a character array, using this constructor is faster than
 converting the chararray to string and using theBigDecimal(String)constructor.
- Parameters:
- in-- chararray that is the source of characters.
- Throws:
- NumberFormatException- if- inis not a valid representation of a- BigDecimal.
- Since:
- 1.5
 
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BigDecimalpublic BigDecimal(char[] in, MathContext mc)Translates a character array representation of aBigDecimalinto aBigDecimal, accepting the same sequence of characters as theBigDecimal(String)constructor and with rounding according to the context settings.- Implementation Note:
- If the sequence of characters is already available
 as a character array, using this constructor is faster than
 converting the chararray to string and using theBigDecimal(String)constructor.
- Parameters:
- in-- chararray that is the source of characters.
- mc- the context to use.
- Throws:
- ArithmeticException- if the result is inexact but the rounding mode is- UNNECESSARY.
- NumberFormatException- if- inis not a valid representation of a- BigDecimal.
- Since:
- 1.5
 
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BigDecimalpublic BigDecimal(String val) Translates the string representation of aBigDecimalinto aBigDecimal. The string representation consists of an optional sign,'+'('\u002B') or'-'('\u002D'), followed by a sequence of zero or more decimal digits ("the integer"), optionally followed by a fraction, optionally followed by an exponent.The fraction consists of a decimal point followed by zero or more decimal digits. The string must contain at least one digit in either the integer or the fraction. The number formed by the sign, the integer and the fraction is referred to as the significand. The exponent consists of the character 'e'('\u0065') or'E'('\u0045') followed by one or more decimal digits. The value of the exponent must lie between -Integer.MAX_VALUE(Integer.MIN_VALUE+1) andInteger.MAX_VALUE, inclusive.More formally, the strings this constructor accepts are described by the following grammar: - BigDecimalString:
- Signopt Significand Exponentopt
- Sign:
- +- -
- Significand:
- IntegerPart .FractionPartopt.FractionPart
- IntegerPart
- IntegerPart:
- Digits
- FractionPart:
- Digits
- Exponent:
- ExponentIndicator SignedInteger
- ExponentIndicator:
- e- E
- SignedInteger:
- Signopt Digits
- Digits:
- Digit
 - Digits Digit
- Digit:
- any character for which Character.isDigit(char)returnstrue, including 0, 1, 2 ...
 The scale of the returned BigDecimalwill be the number of digits in the fraction, or zero if the string contains no decimal point, subject to adjustment for any exponent; if the string contains an exponent, the exponent is subtracted from the scale. The value of the resulting scale must lie betweenInteger.MIN_VALUEandInteger.MAX_VALUE, inclusive.The character-to-digit mapping is provided by Character.digit(char, int)set to convert to radix 10. The String may not contain any extraneous characters (whitespace, for example).Examples: 
 The value of the returnedBigDecimalis equal to significand × 10 exponent. For each string on the left, the resulting representation [BigInteger,scale] is shown on the right."0" [0,0] "0.00" [0,2] "123" [123,0] "-123" [-123,0] "1.23E3" [123,-1] "1.23E+3" [123,-1] "12.3E+7" [123,-6] "12.0" [120,1] "12.3" [123,1] "0.00123" [123,5] "-1.23E-12" [-123,14] "1234.5E-4" [12345,5] "0E+7" [0,-7] "-0" [0,0] - API Note:
- For values other than floatanddoubleNaN and ±Infinity, this constructor is compatible with the values returned byFloat.toString(float)andDouble.toString(double). This is generally the preferred way to convert afloatordoubleinto a BigDecimal, as it doesn't suffer from the unpredictability of theBigDecimal(double)constructor.
- Parameters:
- val- String representation of- BigDecimal.
- Throws:
- NumberFormatException- if- valis not a valid representation of a- BigDecimal.
 
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BigDecimalpublic BigDecimal(String val, MathContext mc) Translates the string representation of aBigDecimalinto aBigDecimal, accepting the same strings as theBigDecimal(String)constructor, with rounding according to the context settings.- Parameters:
- val- string representation of a- BigDecimal.
- mc- the context to use.
- Throws:
- ArithmeticException- if the result is inexact but the rounding mode is- UNNECESSARY.
- NumberFormatException- if- valis not a valid representation of a BigDecimal.
- Since:
- 1.5
 
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BigDecimalpublic BigDecimal(double val) Translates adoubleinto aBigDecimalwhich is the exact decimal representation of thedouble's binary floating-point value. The scale of the returnedBigDecimalis the smallest value such that(10scale × val)is an integer.Notes: - 
 The results of this constructor can be somewhat unpredictable.
 One might assume that writing new BigDecimal(0.1)in Java creates aBigDecimalwhich is exactly equal to 0.1 (an unscaled value of 1, with a scale of 1), but it is actually equal to 0.1000000000000000055511151231257827021181583404541015625. This is because 0.1 cannot be represented exactly as adouble(or, for that matter, as a binary fraction of any finite length). Thus, the value that is being passed in to the constructor is not exactly equal to 0.1, appearances notwithstanding.
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 The Stringconstructor, on the other hand, is perfectly predictable: writingnew BigDecimal("0.1")creates aBigDecimalwhich is exactly equal to 0.1, as one would expect. Therefore, it is generally recommended that the String constructor be used in preference to this one.
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 When a doublemust be used as a source for aBigDecimal, note that this constructor provides an exact conversion; it does not give the same result as converting thedoubleto aStringusing theDouble.toString(double)method and then using theBigDecimal(String)constructor. To get that result, use thestaticvalueOf(double)method.
 - Parameters:
- val-- doublevalue to be converted to- BigDecimal.
- Throws:
- NumberFormatException- if- valis infinite or NaN.
 
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 The results of this constructor can be somewhat unpredictable.
 One might assume that writing 
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BigDecimalpublic BigDecimal(double val, MathContext mc)Translates adoubleinto aBigDecimal, with rounding according to the context settings. The scale of theBigDecimalis the smallest value such that(10scale × val)is an integer.The results of this constructor can be somewhat unpredictable and its use is generally not recommended; see the notes under the BigDecimal(double)constructor.- Parameters:
- val-- doublevalue to be converted to- BigDecimal.
- mc- the context to use.
- Throws:
- ArithmeticException- if the result is inexact but the RoundingMode is UNNECESSARY.
- NumberFormatException- if- valis infinite or NaN.
- Since:
- 1.5
 
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BigDecimalpublic BigDecimal(BigInteger val) Translates aBigIntegerinto aBigDecimal. The scale of theBigDecimalis zero.- Parameters:
- val-- BigIntegervalue to be converted to- BigDecimal.
 
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BigDecimalpublic BigDecimal(BigInteger val, MathContext mc) Translates aBigIntegerinto aBigDecimalrounding according to the context settings. The scale of theBigDecimalis zero.- Parameters:
- val-- BigIntegervalue to be converted to- BigDecimal.
- mc- the context to use.
- Throws:
- ArithmeticException- if the result is inexact but the rounding mode is- UNNECESSARY.
- Since:
- 1.5
 
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BigDecimalpublic BigDecimal(BigInteger unscaledVal, int scale) Translates aBigIntegerunscaled value and anintscale into aBigDecimal. The value of theBigDecimalis(unscaledVal × 10-scale).- Parameters:
- unscaledVal- unscaled value of the- BigDecimal.
- scale- scale of the- BigDecimal.
 
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BigDecimalpublic BigDecimal(BigInteger unscaledVal, int scale, MathContext mc) Translates aBigIntegerunscaled value and anintscale into aBigDecimal, with rounding according to the context settings. The value of theBigDecimalis(unscaledVal × 10-scale), rounded according to theprecisionand rounding mode settings.- Parameters:
- unscaledVal- unscaled value of the- BigDecimal.
- scale- scale of the- BigDecimal.
- mc- the context to use.
- Throws:
- ArithmeticException- if the result is inexact but the rounding mode is- UNNECESSARY.
- Since:
- 1.5
 
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BigDecimalpublic BigDecimal(int val) Translates anintinto aBigDecimal. The scale of theBigDecimalis zero.- Parameters:
- val-- intvalue to be converted to- BigDecimal.
- Since:
- 1.5
 
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BigDecimalpublic BigDecimal(int val, MathContext mc)Translates anintinto aBigDecimal, with rounding according to the context settings. The scale of theBigDecimal, before any rounding, is zero.- Parameters:
- val-- intvalue to be converted to- BigDecimal.
- mc- the context to use.
- Throws:
- ArithmeticException- if the result is inexact but the rounding mode is- UNNECESSARY.
- Since:
- 1.5
 
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BigDecimalpublic BigDecimal(long val) Translates alonginto aBigDecimal. The scale of theBigDecimalis zero.- Parameters:
- val-- longvalue to be converted to- BigDecimal.
- Since:
- 1.5
 
 - 
BigDecimalpublic BigDecimal(long val, MathContext mc)Translates alonginto aBigDecimal, with rounding according to the context settings. The scale of theBigDecimal, before any rounding, is zero.- Parameters:
- val-- longvalue to be converted to- BigDecimal.
- mc- the context to use.
- Throws:
- ArithmeticException- if the result is inexact but the rounding mode is- UNNECESSARY.
- Since:
- 1.5
 
 
- 
 - 
Method Detail- 
valueOfpublic static BigDecimal valueOf(long unscaledVal, int scale) Translates alongunscaled value and anintscale into aBigDecimal.- API Note:
- This static factory method is provided in preference
 to a (long,int) constructor because it allows for reuse of frequently usedBigDecimalvalues.
- Parameters:
- unscaledVal- unscaled value of the- BigDecimal.
- scale- scale of the- BigDecimal.
- Returns:
- a BigDecimalwhose value is(unscaledVal × 10-scale).
 
 - 
valueOfpublic static BigDecimal valueOf(long val) Translates alongvalue into aBigDecimalwith a scale of zero.- API Note:
- This static factory method is provided in preference
 to a (long) constructor because it allows for reuse of frequently usedBigDecimalvalues.
- Parameters:
- val- value of the- BigDecimal.
- Returns:
- a BigDecimalwhose value isval.
 
 - 
valueOfpublic static BigDecimal valueOf(double val) Translates adoubleinto aBigDecimal, using thedouble's canonical string representation provided by theDouble.toString(double)method.- API Note:
- This is generally the preferred way to convert a
 double(orfloat) into aBigDecimal, as the value returned is equal to that resulting from constructing aBigDecimalfrom the result of usingDouble.toString(double).
- Parameters:
- val-- doubleto convert to a- BigDecimal.
- Returns:
- a BigDecimalwhose value is equal to or approximately equal to the value ofval.
- Throws:
- NumberFormatException- if- valis infinite or NaN.
- Since:
- 1.5
 
 - 
addpublic BigDecimal add(BigDecimal augend) Returns aBigDecimalwhose value is(this + augend), and whose scale ismax(this.scale(), augend.scale()).- Parameters:
- augend- value to be added to this- BigDecimal.
- Returns:
- this + augend
 
 - 
addpublic BigDecimal add(BigDecimal augend, MathContext mc) Returns aBigDecimalwhose value is(this + augend), with rounding according to the context settings. If either number is zero and the precision setting is nonzero then the other number, rounded if necessary, is used as the result.- Parameters:
- augend- value to be added to this- BigDecimal.
- mc- the context to use.
- Returns:
- this + augend, rounded as necessary.
- Throws:
- ArithmeticException- if the result is inexact but the rounding mode is- UNNECESSARY.
- Since:
- 1.5
 
 - 
subtractpublic BigDecimal subtract(BigDecimal subtrahend) Returns aBigDecimalwhose value is(this - subtrahend), and whose scale ismax(this.scale(), subtrahend.scale()).- Parameters:
- subtrahend- value to be subtracted from this- BigDecimal.
- Returns:
- this - subtrahend
 
 - 
subtractpublic BigDecimal subtract(BigDecimal subtrahend, MathContext mc) Returns aBigDecimalwhose value is(this - subtrahend), with rounding according to the context settings. Ifsubtrahendis zero then this, rounded if necessary, is used as the result. If this is zero then the result issubtrahend.negate(mc).- Parameters:
- subtrahend- value to be subtracted from this- BigDecimal.
- mc- the context to use.
- Returns:
- this - subtrahend, rounded as necessary.
- Throws:
- ArithmeticException- if the result is inexact but the rounding mode is- UNNECESSARY.
- Since:
- 1.5
 
 - 
multiplypublic BigDecimal multiply(BigDecimal multiplicand) Returns aBigDecimalwhose value is(this × multiplicand), and whose scale is(this.scale() + multiplicand.scale()).- Parameters:
- multiplicand- value to be multiplied by this- BigDecimal.
- Returns:
- this * multiplicand
 
 - 
multiplypublic BigDecimal multiply(BigDecimal multiplicand, MathContext mc) Returns aBigDecimalwhose value is(this × multiplicand), with rounding according to the context settings.- Parameters:
- multiplicand- value to be multiplied by this- BigDecimal.
- mc- the context to use.
- Returns:
- this * multiplicand, rounded as necessary.
- Throws:
- ArithmeticException- if the result is inexact but the rounding mode is- UNNECESSARY.
- Since:
- 1.5
 
 - 
divide@Deprecated(since="9") public BigDecimal divide(BigDecimal divisor, int scale, int roundingMode) Deprecated.The methoddivide(BigDecimal, int, RoundingMode)should be used in preference to this legacy method.Returns aBigDecimalwhose value is(this / divisor), and whose scale is as specified. If rounding must be performed to generate a result with the specified scale, the specified rounding mode is applied.- Parameters:
- divisor- value by which this- BigDecimalis to be divided.
- scale- scale of the- BigDecimalquotient to be returned.
- roundingMode- rounding mode to apply.
- Returns:
- this / divisor
- Throws:
- ArithmeticException- if- divisoris zero,- roundingMode==ROUND_UNNECESSARYand the specified scale is insufficient to represent the result of the division exactly.
- IllegalArgumentException- if- roundingModedoes not represent a valid rounding mode.
- See Also:
- ROUND_UP,- ROUND_DOWN,- ROUND_CEILING,- ROUND_FLOOR,- ROUND_HALF_UP,- ROUND_HALF_DOWN,- ROUND_HALF_EVEN,- ROUND_UNNECESSARY
 
 - 
dividepublic BigDecimal divide(BigDecimal divisor, int scale, RoundingMode roundingMode) Returns aBigDecimalwhose value is(this / divisor), and whose scale is as specified. If rounding must be performed to generate a result with the specified scale, the specified rounding mode is applied.- Parameters:
- divisor- value by which this- BigDecimalis to be divided.
- scale- scale of the- BigDecimalquotient to be returned.
- roundingMode- rounding mode to apply.
- Returns:
- this / divisor
- Throws:
- ArithmeticException- if- divisoris zero,- roundingMode==RoundingMode.UNNECESSARYand the specified scale is insufficient to represent the result of the division exactly.
- Since:
- 1.5
 
 - 
divide@Deprecated(since="9") public BigDecimal divide(BigDecimal divisor, int roundingMode) Deprecated.The methoddivide(BigDecimal, RoundingMode)should be used in preference to this legacy method.Returns aBigDecimalwhose value is(this / divisor), and whose scale isthis.scale(). If rounding must be performed to generate a result with the given scale, the specified rounding mode is applied.- Parameters:
- divisor- value by which this- BigDecimalis to be divided.
- roundingMode- rounding mode to apply.
- Returns:
- this / divisor
- Throws:
- ArithmeticException- if- divisor==0, or- roundingMode==ROUND_UNNECESSARYand- this.scale()is insufficient to represent the result of the division exactly.
- IllegalArgumentException- if- roundingModedoes not represent a valid rounding mode.
- See Also:
- ROUND_UP,- ROUND_DOWN,- ROUND_CEILING,- ROUND_FLOOR,- ROUND_HALF_UP,- ROUND_HALF_DOWN,- ROUND_HALF_EVEN,- ROUND_UNNECESSARY
 
 - 
dividepublic BigDecimal divide(BigDecimal divisor, RoundingMode roundingMode) Returns aBigDecimalwhose value is(this / divisor), and whose scale isthis.scale(). If rounding must be performed to generate a result with the given scale, the specified rounding mode is applied.- Parameters:
- divisor- value by which this- BigDecimalis to be divided.
- roundingMode- rounding mode to apply.
- Returns:
- this / divisor
- Throws:
- ArithmeticException- if- divisor==0, or- roundingMode==RoundingMode.UNNECESSARYand- this.scale()is insufficient to represent the result of the division exactly.
- Since:
- 1.5
 
 - 
dividepublic BigDecimal divide(BigDecimal divisor) Returns aBigDecimalwhose value is(this / divisor), and whose preferred scale is(this.scale() - divisor.scale()); if the exact quotient cannot be represented (because it has a non-terminating decimal expansion) anArithmeticExceptionis thrown.- Parameters:
- divisor- value by which this- BigDecimalis to be divided.
- Returns:
- this / divisor
- Throws:
- ArithmeticException- if the exact quotient does not have a terminating decimal expansion
- Since:
- 1.5
 
 - 
dividepublic BigDecimal divide(BigDecimal divisor, MathContext mc) Returns aBigDecimalwhose value is(this / divisor), with rounding according to the context settings.- Parameters:
- divisor- value by which this- BigDecimalis to be divided.
- mc- the context to use.
- Returns:
- this / divisor, rounded as necessary.
- Throws:
- ArithmeticException- if the result is inexact but the rounding mode is- UNNECESSARYor- mc.precision == 0and the quotient has a non-terminating decimal expansion.
- Since:
- 1.5
 
 - 
divideToIntegralValuepublic BigDecimal divideToIntegralValue(BigDecimal divisor) Returns aBigDecimalwhose value is the integer part of the quotient(this / divisor)rounded down. The preferred scale of the result is(this.scale() - divisor.scale()).- Parameters:
- divisor- value by which this- BigDecimalis to be divided.
- Returns:
- The integer part of this / divisor.
- Throws:
- ArithmeticException- if- divisor==0
- Since:
- 1.5
 
 - 
divideToIntegralValuepublic BigDecimal divideToIntegralValue(BigDecimal divisor, MathContext mc) Returns aBigDecimalwhose value is the integer part of(this / divisor). Since the integer part of the exact quotient does not depend on the rounding mode, the rounding mode does not affect the values returned by this method. The preferred scale of the result is(this.scale() - divisor.scale()). AnArithmeticExceptionis thrown if the integer part of the exact quotient needs more thanmc.precisiondigits.- Parameters:
- divisor- value by which this- BigDecimalis to be divided.
- mc- the context to use.
- Returns:
- The integer part of this / divisor.
- Throws:
- ArithmeticException- if- divisor==0
- ArithmeticException- if- mc.precision> 0 and the result requires a precision of more than- mc.precisiondigits.
- Since:
- 1.5
 
 - 
remainderpublic BigDecimal remainder(BigDecimal divisor) Returns aBigDecimalwhose value is(this % divisor).The remainder is given by this.subtract(this.divideToIntegralValue(divisor).multiply(divisor)). Note that this is not the modulo operation (the result can be negative).- Parameters:
- divisor- value by which this- BigDecimalis to be divided.
- Returns:
- this % divisor.
- Throws:
- ArithmeticException- if- divisor==0
- Since:
- 1.5
 
 - 
remainderpublic BigDecimal remainder(BigDecimal divisor, MathContext mc) Returns aBigDecimalwhose value is(this % divisor), with rounding according to the context settings. TheMathContextsettings affect the implicit divide used to compute the remainder. The remainder computation itself is by definition exact. Therefore, the remainder may contain more thanmc.getPrecision()digits.The remainder is given by this.subtract(this.divideToIntegralValue(divisor, mc).multiply(divisor)). Note that this is not the modulo operation (the result can be negative).- Parameters:
- divisor- value by which this- BigDecimalis to be divided.
- mc- the context to use.
- Returns:
- this % divisor, rounded as necessary.
- Throws:
- ArithmeticException- if- divisor==0
- ArithmeticException- if the result is inexact but the rounding mode is- UNNECESSARY, or- mc.precision> 0 and the result of- this.divideToIntgralValue(divisor)would require a precision of more than- mc.precisiondigits.
- Since:
- 1.5
- See Also:
- divideToIntegralValue(java.math.BigDecimal, java.math.MathContext)
 
 - 
divideAndRemainderpublic BigDecimal[] divideAndRemainder(BigDecimal divisor) Returns a two-elementBigDecimalarray containing the result ofdivideToIntegralValuefollowed by the result ofremainderon the two operands.Note that if both the integer quotient and remainder are needed, this method is faster than using the divideToIntegralValueandremaindermethods separately because the division need only be carried out once.- Parameters:
- divisor- value by which this- BigDecimalis to be divided, and the remainder computed.
- Returns:
- a two element BigDecimalarray: the quotient (the result ofdivideToIntegralValue) is the initial element and the remainder is the final element.
- Throws:
- ArithmeticException- if- divisor==0
- Since:
- 1.5
- See Also:
- divideToIntegralValue(java.math.BigDecimal, java.math.MathContext),- remainder(java.math.BigDecimal, java.math.MathContext)
 
 - 
divideAndRemainderpublic BigDecimal[] divideAndRemainder(BigDecimal divisor, MathContext mc) Returns a two-elementBigDecimalarray containing the result ofdivideToIntegralValuefollowed by the result ofremainderon the two operands calculated with rounding according to the context settings.Note that if both the integer quotient and remainder are needed, this method is faster than using the divideToIntegralValueandremaindermethods separately because the division need only be carried out once.- Parameters:
- divisor- value by which this- BigDecimalis to be divided, and the remainder computed.
- mc- the context to use.
- Returns:
- a two element BigDecimalarray: the quotient (the result ofdivideToIntegralValue) is the initial element and the remainder is the final element.
- Throws:
- ArithmeticException- if- divisor==0
- ArithmeticException- if the result is inexact but the rounding mode is- UNNECESSARY, or- mc.precision> 0 and the result of- this.divideToIntgralValue(divisor)would require a precision of more than- mc.precisiondigits.
- Since:
- 1.5
- See Also:
- divideToIntegralValue(java.math.BigDecimal, java.math.MathContext),- remainder(java.math.BigDecimal, java.math.MathContext)
 
 - 
sqrtpublic BigDecimal sqrt(MathContext mc) Returns an approximation to the square root ofthiswith rounding according to the context settings.The preferred scale of the returned result is equal to this.scale()/2. The value of the returned result is always within one ulp of the exact decimal value for the precision in question. If the rounding mode isHALF_UP,HALF_DOWN, orHALF_EVEN, the result is within one half an ulp of the exact decimal value.Special case: -  The square root of a number numerically equal to ZEROis numerically equal toZEROwith a preferred scale according to the general rule above. In particular, forZERO,ZERO.sqrt(mc).equals(ZERO)is true with anyMathContextas an argument.
 - Parameters:
- mc- the context to use.
- Returns:
- the square root of this.
- Throws:
- ArithmeticException- if- thisis less than zero.
- ArithmeticException- if an exact result is requested (- mc.getPrecision()==0) and there is no finite decimal expansion of the exact result
- ArithmeticException- if- (mc.getRoundingMode()==RoundingMode.UNNECESSARY) and the exact result cannot fit in- mc.getPrecision()digits.
- Since:
- 9
- See Also:
- BigInteger.sqrt()
 
-  The square root of a number numerically equal to 
 - 
powpublic BigDecimal pow(int n) Returns aBigDecimalwhose value is(thisn), The power is computed exactly, to unlimited precision.The parameter nmust be in the range 0 through 999999999, inclusive.ZERO.pow(0)returnsONE. Note that future releases may expand the allowable exponent range of this method.- Parameters:
- n- power to raise this- BigDecimalto.
- Returns:
- thisn
- Throws:
- ArithmeticException- if- nis out of range.
- Since:
- 1.5
 
 - 
powpublic BigDecimal pow(int n, MathContext mc) Returns aBigDecimalwhose value is(thisn). The current implementation uses the core algorithm defined in ANSI standard X3.274-1996 with rounding according to the context settings. In general, the returned numerical value is within two ulps of the exact numerical value for the chosen precision. Note that future releases may use a different algorithm with a decreased allowable error bound and increased allowable exponent range.The X3.274-1996 algorithm is: -  An ArithmeticExceptionexception is thrown if- abs(n) > 999999999
- mc.precision == 0and- n < 0
- mc.precision > 0and- nhas more than- mc.precisiondecimal digits
 
-  if nis zero,ONEis returned even ifthisis zero, otherwise-  if nis positive, the result is calculated via the repeated squaring technique into a single accumulator. The individual multiplications with the accumulator use the same math context settings as inmcexcept for a precision increased tomc.precision + elength + 1whereelengthis the number of decimal digits inn.
-  if nis negative, the result is calculated as ifnwere positive; this value is then divided into one using the working precision specified above.
- The final value from either the positive or negative case is then rounded to the destination precision.
 
-  if 
 - Parameters:
- n- power to raise this- BigDecimalto.
- mc- the context to use.
- Returns:
- thisnusing the ANSI standard X3.274-1996 algorithm
- Throws:
- ArithmeticException- if the result is inexact but the rounding mode is- UNNECESSARY, or- nis out of range.
- Since:
- 1.5
 
-  An 
 - 
abspublic BigDecimal abs() Returns aBigDecimalwhose value is the absolute value of thisBigDecimal, and whose scale isthis.scale().- Returns:
- abs(this)
 
 - 
abspublic BigDecimal abs(MathContext mc) Returns aBigDecimalwhose value is the absolute value of thisBigDecimal, with rounding according to the context settings.- Parameters:
- mc- the context to use.
- Returns:
- abs(this), rounded as necessary.
- Throws:
- ArithmeticException- if the result is inexact but the rounding mode is- UNNECESSARY.
- Since:
- 1.5
 
 - 
negatepublic BigDecimal negate() Returns aBigDecimalwhose value is(-this), and whose scale isthis.scale().- Returns:
- -this.
 
 - 
negatepublic BigDecimal negate(MathContext mc) Returns aBigDecimalwhose value is(-this), with rounding according to the context settings.- Parameters:
- mc- the context to use.
- Returns:
- -this, rounded as necessary.
- Throws:
- ArithmeticException- if the result is inexact but the rounding mode is- UNNECESSARY.
- Since:
- 1.5
 
 - 
pluspublic BigDecimal plus() Returns aBigDecimalwhose value is(+this), and whose scale isthis.scale().This method, which simply returns this BigDecimalis included for symmetry with the unary minus methodnegate().- Returns:
- this.
- Since:
- 1.5
- See Also:
- negate()
 
 - 
pluspublic BigDecimal plus(MathContext mc) Returns aBigDecimalwhose value is(+this), with rounding according to the context settings.The effect of this method is identical to that of the round(MathContext)method.- Parameters:
- mc- the context to use.
- Returns:
- this, rounded as necessary. A zero result will have a scale of 0.
- Throws:
- ArithmeticException- if the result is inexact but the rounding mode is- UNNECESSARY.
- Since:
- 1.5
- See Also:
- round(MathContext)
 
 - 
signumpublic int signum() Returns the signum function of thisBigDecimal.- Returns:
- -1, 0, or 1 as the value of this BigDecimalis negative, zero, or positive.
 
 - 
scalepublic int scale() Returns the scale of thisBigDecimal. If zero or positive, the scale is the number of digits to the right of the decimal point. If negative, the unscaled value of the number is multiplied by ten to the power of the negation of the scale. For example, a scale of-3means the unscaled value is multiplied by 1000.- Returns:
- the scale of this BigDecimal.
 
 - 
precisionpublic int precision() Returns the precision of thisBigDecimal. (The precision is the number of digits in the unscaled value.)The precision of a zero value is 1. - Returns:
- the precision of this BigDecimal.
- Since:
- 1.5
 
 - 
unscaledValuepublic BigInteger unscaledValue() Returns aBigIntegerwhose value is the unscaled value of thisBigDecimal. (Computes(this * 10this.scale()).)- Returns:
- the unscaled value of this BigDecimal.
- Since:
- 1.2
 
 - 
roundpublic BigDecimal round(MathContext mc) Returns aBigDecimalrounded according to theMathContextsettings. If the precision setting is 0 then no rounding takes place.The effect of this method is identical to that of the plus(MathContext)method.- Parameters:
- mc- the context to use.
- Returns:
- a BigDecimalrounded according to theMathContextsettings.
- Throws:
- ArithmeticException- if the rounding mode is- UNNECESSARYand the- BigDecimaloperation would require rounding.
- Since:
- 1.5
- See Also:
- plus(MathContext)
 
 - 
setScalepublic BigDecimal setScale(int newScale, RoundingMode roundingMode) Returns aBigDecimalwhose scale is the specified value, and whose unscaled value is determined by multiplying or dividing thisBigDecimal's unscaled value by the appropriate power of ten to maintain its overall value. If the scale is reduced by the operation, the unscaled value must be divided (rather than multiplied), and the value may be changed; in this case, the specified rounding mode is applied to the division.- API Note:
- Since BigDecimal objects are immutable, calls of
 this method do not result in the original object being
 modified, contrary to the usual convention of having methods
 named setXmutate fieldX. Instead,setScalereturns an object with the proper scale; the returned object may or may not be newly allocated.
- Parameters:
- newScale- scale of the- BigDecimalvalue to be returned.
- roundingMode- The rounding mode to apply.
- Returns:
- a BigDecimalwhose scale is the specified value, and whose unscaled value is determined by multiplying or dividing thisBigDecimal's unscaled value by the appropriate power of ten to maintain its overall value.
- Throws:
- ArithmeticException- if- roundingMode==UNNECESSARYand the specified scaling operation would require rounding.
- Since:
- 1.5
- See Also:
- RoundingMode
 
 - 
setScale@Deprecated(since="9") public BigDecimal setScale(int newScale, int roundingMode) Deprecated.The methodsetScale(int, RoundingMode)should be used in preference to this legacy method.Returns aBigDecimalwhose scale is the specified value, and whose unscaled value is determined by multiplying or dividing thisBigDecimal's unscaled value by the appropriate power of ten to maintain its overall value. If the scale is reduced by the operation, the unscaled value must be divided (rather than multiplied), and the value may be changed; in this case, the specified rounding mode is applied to the division.- API Note:
- Since BigDecimal objects are immutable, calls of
 this method do not result in the original object being
 modified, contrary to the usual convention of having methods
 named setXmutate fieldX. Instead,setScalereturns an object with the proper scale; the returned object may or may not be newly allocated.
- Parameters:
- newScale- scale of the- BigDecimalvalue to be returned.
- roundingMode- The rounding mode to apply.
- Returns:
- a BigDecimalwhose scale is the specified value, and whose unscaled value is determined by multiplying or dividing thisBigDecimal's unscaled value by the appropriate power of ten to maintain its overall value.
- Throws:
- ArithmeticException- if- roundingMode==ROUND_UNNECESSARYand the specified scaling operation would require rounding.
- IllegalArgumentException- if- roundingModedoes not represent a valid rounding mode.
- See Also:
- ROUND_UP,- ROUND_DOWN,- ROUND_CEILING,- ROUND_FLOOR,- ROUND_HALF_UP,- ROUND_HALF_DOWN,- ROUND_HALF_EVEN,- ROUND_UNNECESSARY
 
 - 
setScalepublic BigDecimal setScale(int newScale) Returns aBigDecimalwhose scale is the specified value, and whose value is numerically equal to thisBigDecimal's. Throws anArithmeticExceptionif this is not possible.This call is typically used to increase the scale, in which case it is guaranteed that there exists a BigDecimalof the specified scale and the correct value. The call can also be used to reduce the scale if the caller knows that theBigDecimalhas sufficiently many zeros at the end of its fractional part (i.e., factors of ten in its integer value) to allow for the rescaling without changing its value.This method returns the same result as the two-argument versions of setScale, but saves the caller the trouble of specifying a rounding mode in cases where it is irrelevant.- API Note:
- Since BigDecimalobjects are immutable, calls of this method do not result in the original object being modified, contrary to the usual convention of having methods namedsetXmutate fieldX. Instead,setScalereturns an object with the proper scale; the returned object may or may not be newly allocated.
- Parameters:
- newScale- scale of the- BigDecimalvalue to be returned.
- Returns:
- a BigDecimalwhose scale is the specified value, and whose unscaled value is determined by multiplying or dividing thisBigDecimal's unscaled value by the appropriate power of ten to maintain its overall value.
- Throws:
- ArithmeticException- if the specified scaling operation would require rounding.
- See Also:
- setScale(int, int),- setScale(int, RoundingMode)
 
 - 
movePointLeftpublic BigDecimal movePointLeft(int n) Returns aBigDecimalwhich is equivalent to this one with the decimal point movednplaces to the left. Ifnis non-negative, the call merely addsnto the scale. Ifnis negative, the call is equivalent tomovePointRight(-n). TheBigDecimalreturned by this call has value(this × 10-n)and scalemax(this.scale()+n, 0).- Parameters:
- n- number of places to move the decimal point to the left.
- Returns:
- a BigDecimalwhich is equivalent to this one with the decimal point movednplaces to the left.
- Throws:
- ArithmeticException- if scale overflows.
 
 - 
movePointRightpublic BigDecimal movePointRight(int n) Returns aBigDecimalwhich is equivalent to this one with the decimal point movednplaces to the right. Ifnis non-negative, the call merely subtractsnfrom the scale. Ifnis negative, the call is equivalent tomovePointLeft(-n). TheBigDecimalreturned by this call has value(this × 10n)and scalemax(this.scale()-n, 0).- Parameters:
- n- number of places to move the decimal point to the right.
- Returns:
- a BigDecimalwhich is equivalent to this one with the decimal point movednplaces to the right.
- Throws:
- ArithmeticException- if scale overflows.
 
 - 
scaleByPowerOfTenpublic BigDecimal scaleByPowerOfTen(int n) Returns a BigDecimal whose numerical value is equal to (this* 10n). The scale of the result is(this.scale() - n).- Parameters:
- n- the exponent power of ten to scale by
- Returns:
- a BigDecimal whose numerical value is equal to
 (this* 10n)
- Throws:
- ArithmeticException- if the scale would be outside the range of a 32-bit integer.
- Since:
- 1.5
 
 - 
stripTrailingZerospublic BigDecimal stripTrailingZeros() Returns aBigDecimalwhich is numerically equal to this one but with any trailing zeros removed from the representation. For example, stripping the trailing zeros from theBigDecimalvalue600.0, which has [BigInteger,scale] components equals to [6000, 1], yields6E2with [BigInteger,scale] components equals to [6, -2]. If this BigDecimal is numerically equal to zero, thenBigDecimal.ZEROis returned.- Returns:
- a numerically equal BigDecimalwith any trailing zeros removed.
- Since:
- 1.5
 
 - 
compareTopublic int compareTo(BigDecimal val) Compares thisBigDecimalwith the specifiedBigDecimal. TwoBigDecimalobjects that are equal in value but have a different scale (like 2.0 and 2.00) are considered equal by this method. This method is provided in preference to individual methods for each of the six boolean comparison operators (<, ==, >, >=, !=, <=). The suggested idiom for performing these comparisons is:(x.compareTo(y)<op>0), where <op> is one of the six comparison operators.- Specified by:
- compareToin interface- Comparable<BigDecimal>
- Parameters:
- val-- BigDecimalto which this- BigDecimalis to be compared.
- Returns:
- -1, 0, or 1 as this BigDecimalis numerically less than, equal to, or greater thanval.
 
 - 
equalspublic boolean equals(Object x) Compares thisBigDecimalwith the specifiedObjectfor equality. UnlikecompareTo, this method considers twoBigDecimalobjects equal only if they are equal in value and scale (thus 2.0 is not equal to 2.00 when compared by this method).- Overrides:
- equalsin class- Object
- Parameters:
- x-- Objectto which this- BigDecimalis to be compared.
- Returns:
- trueif and only if the specified- Objectis a- BigDecimalwhose value and scale are equal to this- BigDecimal's.
- See Also:
- compareTo(java.math.BigDecimal),- hashCode()
 
 - 
minpublic BigDecimal min(BigDecimal val) Returns the minimum of thisBigDecimalandval.- Parameters:
- val- value with which the minimum is to be computed.
- Returns:
- the BigDecimalwhose value is the lesser of thisBigDecimalandval. If they are equal, as defined by thecompareTomethod,thisis returned.
- See Also:
- compareTo(java.math.BigDecimal)
 
 - 
maxpublic BigDecimal max(BigDecimal val) Returns the maximum of thisBigDecimalandval.- Parameters:
- val- value with which the maximum is to be computed.
- Returns:
- the BigDecimalwhose value is the greater of thisBigDecimalandval. If they are equal, as defined by thecompareTomethod,thisis returned.
- See Also:
- compareTo(java.math.BigDecimal)
 
 - 
hashCodepublic int hashCode() Returns the hash code for thisBigDecimal. Note that twoBigDecimalobjects that are numerically equal but differ in scale (like 2.0 and 2.00) will generally not have the same hash code.- Overrides:
- hashCodein class- Object
- Returns:
- hash code for this BigDecimal.
- See Also:
- equals(Object)
 
 - 
toStringpublic String toString() Returns the string representation of thisBigDecimal, using scientific notation if an exponent is needed.A standard canonical string form of the BigDecimalis created as though by the following steps: first, the absolute value of the unscaled value of theBigDecimalis converted to a string in base ten using the characters'0'through'9'with no leading zeros (except if its value is zero, in which case a single'0'character is used).Next, an adjusted exponent is calculated; this is the negated scale, plus the number of characters in the converted unscaled value, less one. That is, -scale+(ulength-1), whereulengthis the length of the absolute value of the unscaled value in decimal digits (its precision).If the scale is greater than or equal to zero and the adjusted exponent is greater than or equal to -6, the number will be converted to a character form without using exponential notation. In this case, if the scale is zero then no decimal point is added and if the scale is positive a decimal point will be inserted with the scale specifying the number of characters to the right of the decimal point.'0'characters are added to the left of the converted unscaled value as necessary. If no character precedes the decimal point after this insertion then a conventional'0'character is prefixed.Otherwise (that is, if the scale is negative, or the adjusted exponent is less than -6), the number will be converted to a character form using exponential notation. In this case, if the convertedBigIntegerhas more than one digit a decimal point is inserted after the first digit. An exponent in character form is then suffixed to the converted unscaled value (perhaps with inserted decimal point); this comprises the letter'E'followed immediately by the adjusted exponent converted to a character form. The latter is in base ten, using the characters'0'through'9'with no leading zeros, and is always prefixed by a sign character'-'('\u002D') if the adjusted exponent is negative,'+'('\u002B') otherwise).Finally, the entire string is prefixed by a minus sign character '-'('\u002D') if the unscaled value is less than zero. No sign character is prefixed if the unscaled value is zero or positive.Examples: For each representation [unscaled value, scale] on the left, the resulting string is shown on the right. [123,0] "123" [-123,0] "-123" [123,-1] "1.23E+3" [123,-3] "1.23E+5" [123,1] "12.3" [123,5] "0.00123" [123,10] "1.23E-8" [-123,12] "-1.23E-10" Notes:- There is a one-to-one mapping between the distinguishable
 BigDecimalvalues and the result of this conversion. That is, every distinguishableBigDecimalvalue (unscaled value and scale) has a unique string representation as a result of usingtoString. If that string representation is converted back to aBigDecimalusing theBigDecimal(String)constructor, then the original value will be recovered.
- The string produced for a given number is always the same;
 it is not affected by locale.  This means that it can be used
 as a canonical string representation for exchanging decimal
 data, or as a key for a Hashtable, etc.  Locale-sensitive
 number formatting and parsing is handled by the NumberFormatclass and its subclasses.
- The toEngineeringString()method may be used for presenting numbers with exponents in engineering notation, and thesetScalemethod may be used for rounding aBigDecimalso it has a known number of digits after the decimal point.
- The digit-to-character mapping provided by
 Character.forDigitis used.
 - Overrides:
- toStringin class- Object
- Returns:
- string representation of this BigDecimal.
- See Also:
- Character.forDigit(int, int),- BigDecimal(java.lang.String)
 
- There is a one-to-one mapping between the distinguishable
 
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toEngineeringStringpublic String toEngineeringString() Returns a string representation of thisBigDecimal, using engineering notation if an exponent is needed.Returns a string that represents the BigDecimalas described in thetoString()method, except that if exponential notation is used, the power of ten is adjusted to be a multiple of three (engineering notation) such that the integer part of nonzero values will be in the range 1 through 999. If exponential notation is used for zero values, a decimal point and one or two fractional zero digits are used so that the scale of the zero value is preserved. Note that unlike the output oftoString(), the output of this method is not guaranteed to recover the same [integer, scale] pair of thisBigDecimalif the output string is converting back to aBigDecimalusing the string constructor. The result of this method meets the weaker constraint of always producing a numerically equal result from applying the string constructor to the method's output.- Returns:
- string representation of this BigDecimal, using engineering notation if an exponent is needed.
- Since:
- 1.5
 
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toPlainStringpublic String toPlainString() Returns a string representation of thisBigDecimalwithout an exponent field. For values with a positive scale, the number of digits to the right of the decimal point is used to indicate scale. For values with a zero or negative scale, the resulting string is generated as if the value were converted to a numerically equal value with zero scale and as if all the trailing zeros of the zero scale value were present in the result. The entire string is prefixed by a minus sign character '-' ('\u002D') if the unscaled value is less than zero. No sign character is prefixed if the unscaled value is zero or positive. Note that if the result of this method is passed to the string constructor, only the numerical value of thisBigDecimalwill necessarily be recovered; the representation of the newBigDecimalmay have a different scale. In particular, if thisBigDecimalhas a negative scale, the string resulting from this method will have a scale of zero when processed by the string constructor. (This method behaves analogously to thetoStringmethod in 1.4 and earlier releases.)- Returns:
- a string representation of this BigDecimalwithout an exponent field.
- Since:
- 1.5
- See Also:
- toString(),- toEngineeringString()
 
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toBigIntegerpublic BigInteger toBigInteger() Converts thisBigDecimalto aBigInteger. This conversion is analogous to the narrowing primitive conversion fromdoubletolongas defined in The Java™ Language Specification: any fractional part of thisBigDecimalwill be discarded. Note that this conversion can lose information about the precision of theBigDecimalvalue.To have an exception thrown if the conversion is inexact (in other words if a nonzero fractional part is discarded), use the toBigIntegerExact()method.- Returns:
- this BigDecimalconverted to aBigInteger.
- See The Java™ Language Specification:
- 5.1.3 Narrowing Primitive Conversion
 
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toBigIntegerExactpublic BigInteger toBigIntegerExact() Converts thisBigDecimalto aBigInteger, checking for lost information. An exception is thrown if thisBigDecimalhas a nonzero fractional part.- Returns:
- this BigDecimalconverted to aBigInteger.
- Throws:
- ArithmeticException- if- thishas a nonzero fractional part.
- Since:
- 1.5
 
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longValuepublic long longValue() Converts thisBigDecimalto along. This conversion is analogous to the narrowing primitive conversion fromdoubletoshortas defined in The Java™ Language Specification: any fractional part of thisBigDecimalwill be discarded, and if the resulting "BigInteger" is too big to fit in along, only the low-order 64 bits are returned. Note that this conversion can lose information about the overall magnitude and precision of thisBigDecimalvalue as well as return a result with the opposite sign.
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longValueExactpublic long longValueExact() Converts thisBigDecimalto along, checking for lost information. If thisBigDecimalhas a nonzero fractional part or is out of the possible range for alongresult then anArithmeticExceptionis thrown.- Returns:
- this BigDecimalconverted to along.
- Throws:
- ArithmeticException- if- thishas a nonzero fractional part, or will not fit in a- long.
- Since:
- 1.5
 
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intValuepublic int intValue() Converts thisBigDecimalto anint. This conversion is analogous to the narrowing primitive conversion fromdoubletoshortas defined in The Java™ Language Specification: any fractional part of thisBigDecimalwill be discarded, and if the resulting "BigInteger" is too big to fit in anint, only the low-order 32 bits are returned. Note that this conversion can lose information about the overall magnitude and precision of thisBigDecimalvalue as well as return a result with the opposite sign.
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intValueExactpublic int intValueExact() Converts thisBigDecimalto anint, checking for lost information. If thisBigDecimalhas a nonzero fractional part or is out of the possible range for anintresult then anArithmeticExceptionis thrown.- Returns:
- this BigDecimalconverted to anint.
- Throws:
- ArithmeticException- if- thishas a nonzero fractional part, or will not fit in an- int.
- Since:
- 1.5
 
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shortValueExactpublic short shortValueExact() Converts thisBigDecimalto ashort, checking for lost information. If thisBigDecimalhas a nonzero fractional part or is out of the possible range for ashortresult then anArithmeticExceptionis thrown.- Returns:
- this BigDecimalconverted to ashort.
- Throws:
- ArithmeticException- if- thishas a nonzero fractional part, or will not fit in a- short.
- Since:
- 1.5
 
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byteValueExactpublic byte byteValueExact() Converts thisBigDecimalto abyte, checking for lost information. If thisBigDecimalhas a nonzero fractional part or is out of the possible range for abyteresult then anArithmeticExceptionis thrown.- Returns:
- this BigDecimalconverted to abyte.
- Throws:
- ArithmeticException- if- thishas a nonzero fractional part, or will not fit in a- byte.
- Since:
- 1.5
 
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floatValuepublic float floatValue() Converts thisBigDecimalto afloat. This conversion is similar to the narrowing primitive conversion fromdoubletofloatas defined in The Java™ Language Specification: if thisBigDecimalhas too great a magnitude to represent as afloat, it will be converted toFloat.NEGATIVE_INFINITYorFloat.POSITIVE_INFINITYas appropriate. Note that even when the return value is finite, this conversion can lose information about the precision of theBigDecimalvalue.- Specified by:
- floatValuein class- Number
- Returns:
- this BigDecimalconverted to afloat.
- See The Java™ Language Specification:
- 5.1.3 Narrowing Primitive Conversion
 
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doubleValuepublic double doubleValue() Converts thisBigDecimalto adouble. This conversion is similar to the narrowing primitive conversion fromdoubletofloatas defined in The Java™ Language Specification: if thisBigDecimalhas too great a magnitude represent as adouble, it will be converted toDouble.NEGATIVE_INFINITYorDouble.POSITIVE_INFINITYas appropriate. Note that even when the return value is finite, this conversion can lose information about the precision of theBigDecimalvalue.- Specified by:
- doubleValuein class- Number
- Returns:
- this BigDecimalconverted to adouble.
- See The Java™ Language Specification:
- 5.1.3 Narrowing Primitive Conversion
 
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ulppublic BigDecimal ulp() Returns the size of an ulp, a unit in the last place, of thisBigDecimal. An ulp of a nonzeroBigDecimalvalue is the positive distance between this value and theBigDecimalvalue next larger in magnitude with the same number of digits. An ulp of a zero value is numerically equal to 1 with the scale ofthis. The result is stored with the same scale asthisso the result for zero and nonzero values is equal to[1, this.scale()].- Returns:
- the size of an ulp of this
- Since:
- 1.5
 
 
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